SOCIAL FUND - WOMEN ACCESS TO EDUCATION

Social funds as a new focus on service delivery and local capacity building are supposed to be demand driven with a funding focus on the needs of the poor. Demand orientation is defined as an approach taken by outside agencies that involves offering options and important information to community groups so that they can make an informed choice among different alternatives, thus increasing the likelihood that the funded project will in fact meet a local need. Under this approach agencies require local communities to provide evidence that they are interested in and committed to projects by requiring cash or in-kind contributions or the initiation of organizational tasks prior to implementation of the project. Agencies also support community control and authority over the course of project implementation. Finally, local organizational capacity building involves fostering the ability of groups of people, especially the poor, to work together, trust one another, and organize their efforts to mobilize resources, solve problems,
resolve conflicts and network with other groups in order to leverage resources and achieve shared goals. The project designs that attempt to devolve decision making and resources to lower levels of govemment and to communities and user groups. Social funds have provided much valuable experience on the mechanisms for reorienting development agendies toward partiicpation and demand based projects. They have received highly satisfactory performance ratings and have also instituted ground breaking initiatives to increase community involvement and control in project implementation.

The government program of targeted interventions in joint planning and decision making with community groups and acting as lending instruments for alleviating poverty on a sustainable basis more attention will have to be focused on community participation, demand orientation, and investment in local organisational capacity. According to the World Bank study on 51 social funds programs at the end of1996, only 19 percent of the total number of social funds were identified as"at risk," thus making them a "well- performing" portfolio.

Among the strengths of social funds are decentralized management approach and demand-driven mechanisms for identifying beneficiary concerns. social funds used for building roads, schools, mosques, piped gaz supply systems, health facilities are actually designed to take into account the different needs, constraints, and opportunities of men and women, however, it is difficult to assess whether they equally benefit from such projects. Incorporating gender analysis in project management reveals the feasibility of the projects to address and meet the needs and priorities of community comprised women as well as men. Consideration is needed for scheduling community meetings at a time of day when a woman’s domestic and other responsibilities are less likely to be an obstacle. It takes into account the local mores as to whether women can have a voice in the presence of unrelated men or older women in rural area. Experience has shown that a project that uses a gender-sensitive approach during the implementation phase is more sustainable in the long run. Social fund can provide vital role for governments in raising awareness about gender-specific issues, particularly in ministries and municipalities, as well as among NGOs and local community organizations.

Most Social Fund projects support the creation of economic infrastructure, including roads, civil works, irrigatin, land reclamation and natural resource management activities. The other most common activities were creation of social service infrastructure (schools, clinics, sanitation, and water facilities as well as investment in developing social service program activities. Financing to support community development and org at the grassroots level was also mentioned in some projects in addition to agency strengthening or institutional develpment of private firms, NGOs, or municipalities.
At the community level the two most important criteria were demand and local organisational capacity. At the agency level the extent to which the agency made achieving beneficiary participation of intended goal, the degree to which the agency made use of local knowldedge through extension of local resources, and whether the agency had the autonomy to adjust resource allocations in response to community needs.

The shift from the supply driven to the demand driven approach seems to be general around the world. The operational and policy implications of a demand driven approach include the imperative for communities to be involved in the identification of their needs and conception of the projects. The trend has also been towards the decentralisation of authority and resources, including the involvement of communities in procurement of goods and services, management of projects and overall implementation.
Of crucial concern is whether the design, focus and orientation of social funds support sustainability of the projects established. This concern should include the question whether such design entails the mainstreaming of gender and focus on the specific needs of women. A wide variety of activities can be financed under this component, including: information sessions/material, training, action-research, twinning arrangements, secondments and short-term technical assistance.
Initial assessments suggest the need of interventions in: participatory techniques, needs assessment, accounting, sub-project planning, and time management.

Education is a large, and typically the largest, sector in each of the social fund portfolios in the World Bank Report (1996):

– Nicaragua 57% of investment (1991-98)
– Zambia 76% of projects (1991-mid-2000)
– Honduras 57 % of investments (through 1998)
– Bolivia 50% of investments (FIS I&II)
– Peru 13% (rural investments 1996-99)

A recent evaluation (2002) of social fund projects by the Operation Evaluation Department (OED) finds that social fund projects have been highly effective in delivering small-scale infrastructure, but much less so in achieving consistently positive and significant improvements in outcomes and welfare impacts.While social fund projects have delivered slightly more than proportional benefits to the poor and the poorest, there have also been a significant number of non-poor beneficiaries. Most social fund beneficiaries are satisfied with the financed subprojects, but the biggest community problems have not necessarily been addressed and there is no assurance that the selected subprojects ensure the highest net benefits to the community. While social fund facilities are generally operating and equipped, they have not been immune to staffing and equipment shortages. Social fund agencies have developed capacity as effective and innovative organizations, but wider impacts on existing institutions have been much more limited.



GENDER BUDGET INITIATIVES
Gender or women's budget initiatives are not separate budgets for women.They include analysis of gender targeted allocations (e.g. special programmes targeting women); they disaggregate by gender the impact of mainstream expenditures across all sectors and services; and they review equal opportunities policies and allocations within government services.

Macro-economic policies in general, and fiscal policies in particular, are seldom, gender-neutral. The study of key concepts of macroeconomics and highlighting gender dimensions of current economic thinkings is absolutely essential to those working in planning machineries, Ministries of Finance and in development co-operation policy advice. It will also be of value for gender specialists working with economists and planners. Engendering macro economic policies in development programs is necessary in order to address key priorities in a sustainable manner. Gender Analysis of the economy examines what keeps men and women from being able to help themselves and their families through analysing social behavior and measuring family relation dimensions such as gender expectations and values placed upon men and women in their everyday lives. The process of budget allocation, integration of gender budget analysis into the stages of budget process, gender budget analysis methods building on pro poor and participatory budgeting, differentiation of local budget analysis from national budget analysis, developing indicators to enable monitoring of relevant data are among basic steps toward developing the building blocks for unbiased distribution of social development funds.
It is of crucial importance to engage with the budget actors during the budget formulation as well as the enactment and execution stages. More engagement in the budget formulation stage requires closer work with ministries such as Finance and sectoral ministries' budget and planning departments and most important with Management and Planning Organisation responsible for Budget allocation in Iran. Gender budget analysis should take place somewhere between the auditing and budget formulation phases of the cycle. By feeding gender analysis into policy design and budget drafting phases the sustainablity of development projects, such as social development funds are monitored and directed.
The initiative should work to bring together a solid group of representatives of government institutions, academics, and people from trade unions and community based organisations to form a network of experts to promote gender equality through appropriate economic policy and by applying gender auditing tools to study different needs of household members. The aim should be directed toward encourage the government to use gender analysis to improve its economic policy making and the use of public budget to address effectively, the different needs of men and women.

GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES SOCIAL FUNDS

Despite efforts of the Governemnt to reduce subsidies, their weight in the national budget remains considerable. The mechanisms for decision-making regarding subsidies are complex, involving a number of bodies and institutions. The Supreme Council for Economic Affairs, under the President's Office, is the highest authority with regard to economic affairs. Its decisions on guaranteed producer prices and overall subsidies are taken on the basis of proposals prepared by the Planning and Budget Organization and its Bureau for Agricultural Affairs and Rural Development, in coordination with the Office for Protection of Consumers' and Producers' Rights and the Ministry of Agriculture. They are then submitted to Parliament, for thorough inspection and subsequent endorsement which will be effective following the final review by the Guardian Council, prior to their incorporation in the annual budget.

Subsidies first gained importance during the war with Iraq which required exceptional efforts to secure minimum equitative food supplies and living standards. Subsequently, the government maintained an important subsidy programme in favour of both consumers and producers of agricultural products. Producers benefited from guaranteed prices for their products, based on estimates of average national production costs, which secured significant farm profit margins.
The 1993 budget put the cost of subsidizing basic goods at 3 Billion USD, equivalent to 9.4 percent of estimated government revenues and 2.5 percent of projected GDP. At present, consumer food subsidies are granted for bread, sugar, milk, cheese, meat, tea, vegetable oil and rice; and producer subsidies for improved seeds and a number of farm inputs. Other sectors such as petrol and electricity also are heavily subsidiesed by the Government.
Owing to the lack of a sustainable development vision over recent decades, Iran's environment and natural resources faces vast deterioration due to sectoral approaches, infrastructural fragmentation, inadequate legislation, regulations and enforcement and unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. This requires significant attention of budget actors to avail social funds to engage in participatory programs implemented by CBOs.
Iran Government oil-based macro economic policies to sustain development programme and effectively address poverty issues need integrated gender sensitive target planning on subsidized goods and services in allocation of public budget, monitoring and evaluation. The formation of Family Gender Budget Initiative embeded in the government subsidies could be the start point for more meaningful, pro-poor, allocation of public budget for economic development and in poverty eradication strategies.

Better understanding of the rationale of integrating gender into the planning and budgeting systems; an expertise that can add on bargaining power of families as beneficiaries of subsidies and public budget. Benefit incidence analysis indicates method of computing of distribution of public expenditure across different demographic groups, such as women and men. The procedure involves allocating per unit public subsidies (for example, expenditure per student for the education sector) according to individual utilisation rates of public services (van de Walle and Nead 1995, cited in World Bank 1995).

TO TRANSLATE GOVERNMENT COMMITMENTS INTO EFFECTIVE ACTION:

- Fit the family gender budgeting initiative into the development frameworks of the government provision of Social Funds and Allocation of Subsidies

- Approaches to integrate gender issues into government policies, and local development plans to strengthen household economy and equitable distribution of subsidies at family level.

The community grant mechanism of social funds has been well suited to supporting income-generating activities indirectly through economic and social infrastructure investments that raise the productive potential of the community. Examples of economic infrastructure that directly raises income potential include small-scale irrigation, market facilities, a harbor or coldstorage for fishing, and even a building and safe for a savings and credit association or village bank.
Income-earning potential is also increased indirectly by investments that raise the productivity of labor, such as clean water, education and health facilities. Since these economic and social infrastructure investments do not in themselves generate income but rather facilitate the carrying out of income-generating activities, they are appropriate for grant funding, with some contribution by the community (in cash and/or in kind). To help realize that income generating potential, they may be accompanied by programs to raise social capital and skills and to expand access to financial services.

SHORTCOMINGS

The existence of large state-operated funds out of the oil income allocated to different state relief organisations such as Welfare Org, and other emerging state owned organisation that demand their share from public budget - inevitably led to the emergence of Mafia-style groups and rampant corruption to access non taxable easy funds. Competition between various groups to justify their legitimacy to grasp the social services funds, under the guise of "privatising" them, has resulted in the corruption in this sector being exposed.

Iranian NGOs, in the most part, in addition to being constrained by the lack of financial resources, require significant training and capacity building in the management and implementation of community initiatives. Therefore, consistent with similar operations elsewhere, initiation for the Local Development Funds would include adequate technical and financial resources to build NGO capacity. Involving provincial and local level authorities and NGOs in the design and implementation of LDF would improve targeting, facilitate project delivery and ensure a higher level of empowerment and coordination at the local level.


NEW APPROACH - PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING

Participatory budgeting is a mechanism of local government (or equivalent), which brings local communities closer to the decision-making process around the public budget. It is a flexible set of community engagement techniques, adaptable to local circumstances, but sharing a common principle: that power lies with those who decide how new money is to be spent. Where it has been tried it has enhanced participation in local democracy whilst improving the delivery and costeffectiveness of local services.

In the UK, New Deal for Community areas are already experimenting with participatory research, community audits, area profiling and citizens’ panels to inform investment decisions. Working with residents’ groups, holding workshops and communicating through local radio and other new media are common ways to engage with residents. All these methods already have a place in UK local governance and form a readymade body of participation techniques. Participatory budgeting adds new ideas, but in general strengthens existing methods of community engagement through focussing firmly on budgets.


Re-oxygenating Democracy - ‘in Brazil - Porto Alegre- Something like 50,000 residents – poor and middle class, women and men, leftist and centrist – now participate in the budgeting cycle of this city of a million and a half people. The number of participants has grown each year since its start 12 years ago. For example, each year the bulk of new street-paving has gone to the poorer, outlying districts. When Participatory Budgeting started, only 75 per cent of homes had running water, while today 99 per cent have treated water and 85 per cent have piped sewerage. In 12 years of participatory budgeting, the number of public [state] schools increased from 29 to 86, and literacy has reached 98 percent. In addition, corruption and waste – which before was the rule in Brazilian local politics – has been reduced through the transparency brought by participatory budgeting processes. Democracy has been re-oxygenated. This is not just to do with the number of people participating. It has also built new competencies in talking effectively and sympathetically between political leaders, specialists in agencies, and fellow citizens from many different backgrounds.



References:

- Oxfam GB; Breathing life into democracy, the power of participatory budgeting; Community Pride Initiative/Oxfam UK Poverty Programme, February 2005
http://www.oxfamgb.org/ukpp/resources/downloads/pb_breathing_life_into_democracy.pdf

- Social Funds, South Africa, ILO

- Gender dimensions of Social Development Funds, ILO, 2002

- Women's Budget Group, WBG, gender budget analysis around the world,

- Concepts of sustainable development, (Panel for Education for Sustainable Development, 1999) , www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/teachers

- Gender Responsive Budgets GRD Programme, UNIFEM
http://www.gender-budgets.org/uploads/user-S/11001154051ItineraryandSummaryRevie.pdf

- the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,
www.ingentaconnect.com

- Glossary on macroeconomics from a gender perspective, by BRIDGE in collaboration with GTZ - German Technical Cooperation


- Social Funds - A Review of World Bank Experience, February, 2002
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP
/IB/2002/03/22/000094946_02031010371645/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf


- Emadi, M.H.; Abbassi, E. 1999. The wise world of water works in an Iranian village: A holistic study of indigenous water relations in the Posht-e godar region (Markazi Province, Iran). In: Talebbeydokhti, N.;Telvari, A.; Heydarian, S.A. (eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Traditional Water Harvesting Systems (Tehran, 1-5 May 1999), pp. 145-160 Ministry of Jihad-e-Sazandegi, Dept. of Watershed Management, Tehran.

ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR WOMEN

Iran Constitution explicitly declares, the
state is duty bound to provide primary education
facilities for all, men and women. To carry out this
task in the first decade after Revolution, an
increasing number of schools were established across
the country; in some cases, schools in deprived areas
working three shifts.

Availability of schools particularly at primary level
even in remote villages as well as a new perception of
educational system as Islamic - 'especially favoring
fathers' - encouraged a noticeable reduction of
cultural barriers against girls' education. Hence,
so many Iranian girls from all over the
country entered primary schools. There are evidences
of an increasing rate of girls' enrollment
particularly at primary level (Report of MPO, 2003).
With nearly universal enrollment in primary schools
for the last decade, in 1996 the proportions of the
literate men and women in the 10-24 age groups were
95% and 91%, respectively.

For the first few years after the revolution,
fertility rose as high as 8 children per household.
The rise in fertility followed by a rapid decline
considers an age structure that is favorable for
economic growth when the population grows to their
working age. High fertility is considered a negative
influence on economic growth, however as it was
controlled to decline rapidly to 2 children per family
in 2002, it caused the ratio of adults to children to
rise. The Iranian adult-child ratio will grow more
than double in the next twenty years (Salehi-Isfahani,
1998). This ratio provides opportunity for the
potential human resources for teaching and training
youth. However, as population grow old will later draw
resources away from the creation of human capital and
toward the care of the aged.

The decline in marital fertility and the rise in age
at marriage to 24, for women, is significant feature
because of its implications for investment in children
and labor supply of women. Boys and girls are
postponing marriage mostly for reasons regarding lack
of resources for marriage and fewer for continuation
of their education.


TABLE 3 LITERACY RATES, 1976-96 POPULATION 6 wags AND
OLDER
_________________________________________________
year Urban Rural

male female male female

1976 74 56 44 17
1986 81 66 60 37
1991 88 78 73 55
1996 90 82 77 62

Source: Statistical Center of Iran, SCI


Young girls and boys have appreciation for education
and put enormous amount of efforts, much of which is
intended for passing tests and obtaining degrees
rather than learning productive skills that workers
need on their jobs. Although the heat for competition
was outraging to enter universities, girls have
exceeded the boys at the rate 67% of the new entrees
were among girls. In Average, number of female
university graduates (public and private) has
increased up to 40% of total graduates in last ten
years. Surely, considering the amplified share of
female students' admission in recent years, the figure
of graduated will be accelerated in near future.
Studies indicate that girl’s shares are 76% in medical
studies and 20% in engineering fields. Consequently,
with the elimination of illiteracy among women
declining to nearly 23 %, different norms and values
have been adopted. Iranian women and men are equally
aware of the importance of science and education in
the modern era.

According to statistics, 22 per cent of female labor
force and 7.9 per cent of male labor force hold
university degrees. The Government bears a
considerable share of the cost of education and
training of human resources in Iran. In sum, Iranian
families are in a position to substantially increase
their investment in human capital. Educated parents
with fewer children are in a good position to increase
the human capital of the next generation of Iranians.

Education has a strong social value for Iranian girls
who see university studies as a way to be socially
active, postpone marriages, and gain social respect.
The considerable increase in girls’ admission in
higher education since 1999, as well as high costs of
entering into universities led male students not to
pursue higher education and leaving the scene in favor
of female students. Subsequently, girls in Iran
outnumbered boys in the entire university system.
Impressive gains by urban women in higher education
have drawn significant attention to gender perspective
of future changes. This indicates that the main
problem in women's labor market regarding shortage of
job opportunities is mainly directed at young educated
women and is on the accelerating verge. In fact more
than 88.7% of unemployed women in urban areas are
those with higher education and in rural area this
figure comes up to around 59.4% (Ladan Norouzi, MPO,
2004). With the highest economic dependency ratio the
country is clearly missing opportunities for increased
welfare of families and society. Higher female labor
force participation in line with what would be
expected from the educational attainment, age
structure and fertility rates of the country could
allow family income to increase by up to 30 percent
(World Bank, 2003).

There is a connection between age and feeling of
discrimination among both sexes. Youngsters more than
other age categories are of opinion that society
considers males as more important and they are aware
of gender inequalities in the society. Therefore,
youth and educated group have a more realistic
understanding of social facts (Al-e-agha,
1997:194-196). By increased level of education and
younger age group - which are two specific
characteristics of female university students- demands
and expectations are rising and the gap between
realities and expectations could function as a change
agent. The larger the gap, the wider cultural changes
is in prospect.


Social Capital – the areas of concerns
________________________________________________

Of crucial importance, is the fact that, increase in
vulnerabilities and social upheavals emerges in the
wake of poverty compounded by injustice, unfair
distribution of income and discrimination.
The spread of administrative and financial corruption
is directly related to the structures of political
economy and the presence in top managerial posts of
the powerful immune to checks and balances. Even
though almost 75% of the total dirty money is
generated by 5% of the corrupt, most bribe-taking,
work slowdowns and low-level financial irregularities
are in large part due to need and high living costs
that have gradually been institutionalized.

Similarly, youth delinquency, increase in street
children and child labor (presently about 550,000
children below 15 work in Iran) are undoubtedly
related to poverty, deprivation and broken homes.

Demand for narcotics comes largely from the
unemployed, deprived and powerless whose share of the
addict population is much higher than their share in
the society at large. Escaping from decay, despair and
deprivation is considered as the main cause of seeking
relief in drugs. Supply of illegal drugs is basically
the function of distributors who are addicts, poor and
jobless.

Statistics show in 1977 only 54 women were detained
for drug abuse through out the country while during
the last ten years the prevalence of drug addiction
among women reached 6.6% of the population. For some
area this figure is as high as 13.3 % in Tehran and
12% in Kerman. Prostitution is meaningfully related to
drug addiction according to researches explaining that
addicted men force their spouses to use their body to
provide drugs. According to the UN, out of 6000 tons
of drugs produced annually in Afghanistan, more than
40% is used only in Iran, turning this country to the
largest user. Only in 2003 more than 130.000 men and
women were detained in relation to drug abuse. The
prevalence of drug addiction is such that for every 5,
one is involved with drug addiction.

The accelerated trend of divorce (showing 30% increase
in Tehran, 2003) and number of runaway girls (60.000)
from home in 2003 is a warning alarm on emerging
social problems.


Enhancing Women’s Economic Participation is
Essential (WB, 2003)
_____________________________________________

The reason why women economic participation could
result in permanently higher rates of growth in income
need some explanation;

- Women’s economic participation will increase
international competitiveness. For instance many east
Asian countries have been able to achieve high growth
through export oriented female intensive manufacturing
industries.

- by increasing the pool of innate talent from which
employers can draw through training increased women
participation in economy increases the average ability
of the workforce.

- The importance of women’s employment and income is
needed for their bargaining power within families.
Women tend to spend a greater share of their income on
the education and health of heir children. This is
even more accurate for Iranian women which will
increase human capital of the next generation.

- Women’s wider participation in economy particularly
in the social context of Iran will result in good
governance. There is evidence that women are less
prone to corruption and nepotism than men. Improving
access of women to jobs may consequently improve
governance in business. Wider presence of women in
auditing and accounting fields will definitely
decrease the degree of corruption which is so crucial
for release of the country out of the vicious circle
of poverty.


Future Training Strategies to Fill the Gaps
________________________________________________

Considering mismanagement the major fault line of the
national economy, life skills and recent "personal
development" trainings by helping to develop human
potential will enhance the ability of women to
reintegrate into society and contribute to its
reconstruction. This encompasses a whole range of
social skills from assertiveness training and
self-esteem to managing one's time and stress levels.
These courses may be short-term workshops, residential
programs or evening classes. The growth in these kinds
of programs that aim for attitudinal, psychological
and lifestyle change reflects the belief in education
for self-improvement and for life change that is most
needed for the young generation in this country.

The investments in education and health are beginning
to have their effect in the region in empowering
women. Reconsideration of development policies to
create better opportunities for the generation of
youth; the country needs to view gender issues as part
of the solution. In order to benefit from all the
resources, human and others, we need systematic and
comprehensive capacity building programs for women
through out the country:

Women should be assisted to have access to training
packages that take the needs and interests of the
learners, the community and the post-school training
institutions and post-training employment
opportunities into account;

Women should advocate and lobby for share in public
budget to be allocated for comprehensive assessment of
the developmental needs of children and adolescents in
terms of social, emotional, cognitive and physical
domains;

Women should advocate for the establishment of
training centers that allow and train an awareness and
implementation of human rights and responsibilities
within a democratic society.

Women should advocate for facilitation process access
to appropriate and innovative resource material; for
classroom methodology that empowers the learner to
participate at all levels in school and society.

Women should advocate to be trained to learn how trade
unions are functioning. Women should be encouraged and
allowed to organize themselves to tackle their issues
using participatory methods.

Women need numerous training programs and advice
centers for understanding the job market and matching
aptitudes to job specifications and for training for
self-employment.

Women need various out-of-school programs aimed at
improving basic numeracy and literacy. There is a need
for adult education programs as evening courses for
women to expand their skills and broaden their
knowledge and interests.

Women need to enhance skills and scopes such as
language, communication and problem-solving skills.

Women need training on life skills to be taught by
public and private employment counseling services,
guidance teachers in schools, public and private
vocational training centers, NGOs, and the university
to broaden the scope of income generation activities,
to train for machineries to have access to
information, access to assets, self initiation, and
inventive ideas to fill up the gaps and seize the
market opportunities.


Human Resources Crisis and Brain Drains
_________________________________________________

According to IMF Iran is ranked number one among 91
developing countries in regard to what is called brain
drains. The initial collective emigration happened at
the time of Revolution which consisted of all high
ranking groups in public and governmental sectors in
addition another 2 million joined them in the first
few years which made the total to rise to 4 million.

In 1985 according to bank resources, assets belonging
to Iranians in US were accounted for $400 billion.
Every year 180.000 students and educated individuals
leave the country in pursue of a better living
condition. In the last few years, emigration of high
educated managers and brain drains has accelerated due
to high rate of unemployment, low pays, vandalism and
lumpenism spreading out, lack of job opportunities,
corrupted and biased system to access the top jobs,
high risk in business affaires, highly controlled and
monitored market by business Mafias, higher social
value for get rich quick schemes and less respect for
educated individuals, low pay for university professor
(same level as ordinary administrator), discriminative
selection based on commitment to the regime instead of
expertise and eligibility, and general restricted
social codes which makes every normal family to be too
much bothered by police, militias, revolutionary
guards. Prison has become so ordinary and a norm;
every single family have sometime in their ordinary
day to day life dealt with some kind of detention and
jailing of their loved ones.

92% of young students who won the top titles in
International Olympiads have already left the country
following the invitation by top universities. In a
survey by Dr Ali Assadi, socialist, the country is
facing real crisis in regard to human resources within
next 10 years.