So it is only if the object disturbs the wave that you will know it is there

So it is only if the object disturbs the wave that you will know it is there......


If light of wavelength ! is scattered by an object, then the information carried by that scattered light can tell us about the details of that object, but only down to a level of detail d, where

d = 0.5 ! [1]

This means that light of wavelength 5 00 nm, say, will carry no information about any feature of an object that is less than 25 0 nm in size.

…… electrons could be considered as waves, with their wavelength given by

! = h/(mv ) [2]

(h is the P lanck constant, and m and v the mass and velocity of the electron respectively). For electrons travelling at 7 5% the speed of light, this gives a wavelength shorter than that of X -rays. The experimental proof of this hypothesis resulted from experiments ………. demonstrated that periodic objects (crystals) give rise to diffraction patterns for which the distribution of diffraction spots is given by the Bragg equation

2d sin("/2) = n! [3 ]

where d is the repeat pattern spacing and n is an integer. (This same equation can be used to describe the distribution of light spots caused by the scattering of the laser by the grid of wires…...) If we know the light or X –ray or electron wavelength !, and we measure the angles #, then we can determine the spacing d.

Seeing Nanoworld;
http://outreach.materials.ox.ac.uk/LearningResources
/downloads/Seeing%20in%20the%20Nanoworld.pdf


Nanoparticles can display four unique advantages over macroelectrodes when used for electroanalysis: enhancement of mass transport, catalysis, high effective surface area and control over electrode microenvironment. Therefore, much work has been carried out into their formation, characterisation and employment for the detection
of many electroactive species.

Cost considerations are important when manufacturing an electrode for use in any real system. This can lead to expensive materials such as gold and platinum being avoided because of the cost incurred when using large amounts to create macroelectrodes. Nanoparticle modification of an inexpensive base material, however, can lead to a larger surface area-to-volume ratio for the expensive metal, lowering the cost of the electrode. The large effective surface area may also cause there to be a larger number of active sites and often a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

.....It was found that addition of albumin to a preparation of gold nanoparticles led to better dispersion of the nanoparticles in a carbon paste electrode, which increased the sensitivity of the electrode to hydroquinone and dopamine because electron transfer was better promoted

The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review; http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/commercialisation.html





MARTENSITIC AND MAGNETIC TRANSFORMATION


Martensitic and magnetic transformation behaviours in Heusler type NiMnIn and Ni-CoMnIn Metamognetic shape memory alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transac-tions, 4/1/2007.

Martensitic and magnetic transformation behaviors of Ni^sub 50^MnIn, Ni^sub 45^Co^sub 5^MnIn, and Ni^sub 42.5^ Co^sub 7.5^MnIn Heusler alloys were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

The Iron is known to undergo a pressure-induced phase transition from the ferromagnetic (FM) body-centered-cubic (bcc) alpha-phase to the nonmagnetic (NM) hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) epsilon-phase, with a large observed pressure hysteresis whose origin is still a matter of debate.

Johnson et al, Princeton Univ., Pub med, 2008, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18345915



Iron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

American Elements; http://outreach.materials.ox.ac.uk/LearningResources/
Nanotechnology/nanotechnologyindex.php



Magnetism has been known to humans for millennia, and for millennia interpretations of the nature of this elusive force capable of moving inert bodies have been produced. G B Porta in his book Natural Magick in 1589 wrote iron is drawn by the Loadstone, as a bride after the bridegroom, to be embraced; and the iron is so desirous to join with it as her husband,… Magentism was understood as a soul of inert matter which transformed it into something like a living organism.
Molecular Nanomagnets, OUP, 2006